مبانی نظری و پیشینه تحقیق اضطراب اجتماعی

• منابع فارسی و انگلیسی دارد.
• ارجاع و پاورقی استاندارد دارد.
• رفرنس دهی استاندارد دارد.
• کاملترین در سطح اینترنت
• دارای تحقیقات انجام شده داخلی و خارجی
• گارانتی بازگشت وجه دارد.

فرمت : doc

تعداد صفحات : 94

مبانی نظری و پیشینه تحقیق اضطراب اجتماعی

بخشی از متن :

مفهوم اضطراب اجتماعی[1]

مفهوم اضطراب اجتماعی باعث سردرگمی دانشمندان در طول تاریخ شده است. داروین (1998/1872) به بحث در این باره پرداخته که انسان­ها چطور می توانند از مورد توجه دیگران قرار گرفتن در حالیکه دچار فقدان کلی اعتماد به نفس در موقعیت های غیراجتماعی نیستند ابراز ترس کنند. به علاوه داروین اظهار داشته که این ترس می تواند با سرخ شدن و ابرام شدید در پنهان کاری توأم باشد. در عمل افراد اقدام به پنهان کردن چهره ی خود و اجتناب از تماس چشمی مستقیم می کنند و یا این که یک استراتژی جبرانی را به صورت تماس چشمی نامناسب اتخاذ می­کنند.

بعدها یانگ (1923) دو نوع نگرش را معرفی کرد که بر پایه­ی دو اصل متناقض استوار بودند: درون گرایی و برون گرایی. و این درون گرایی بود که افراد کمرو و منزوی اجتماعی را در بر می­گرفت، نه برون گرایی. افراد دارای چنین نگرشی از جهان بیرونی ترس داشتند، در مورد خود طرز فکر منفی داشتند، از نظر رفتار اجتماعی شان ناراحت بودند و در احتیاط کاری­های غیر ضروری شرکت می کردند. متعاقباً آیزنک و آیزنک[2](1964) معیار ویژگی شخصیت را بر اساس رویکرد پردازش اطلاعات ساختند. این رویکرد نشان داد که انزوا، درون نگری، محتاط بودن ، نگرانی و دغدغه مشخصه­های درون گرایی هستند (آیزنک و آیزنک، 1964).

همان­طور که در بخش­های بعدی بحث می شود امکان دارد ویژگی­های شخصیت در سبب شناسی اضطراب اجتماعی مقصر باشند. با وجود این، فاکتورهای حفظ کننده­ی اضطراب اجتماعی عمدتاً بررسی نشده یا تجسم نیافته به جا مانده اند. در واقع پیشرفت های زیادی در رشته­های روانپزشکی و روان­شناسی حاصل شده­اند که طبقه بندی اضطراب اجتماعی از یک ویژگی شخصیت محض تا یک اختلال اضطرابی متمایز[3] را ممکن ساخته­اند.

ملاک های تشخیصی اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی

کتاب راهنمای تشخیصی و آماری- چاپ دوم (DSM-II):

در علم روانپزشکی اضطراب اجتماعی تا سال 1980 که DSM-III (APA,1980) آن را در میان اختلالات اضطرابی جا داد یک اختلال متمایز محسوب نمی شد. با وجود این DSM-II (APA، 1968( تشخیص واکنش انزوایی دوران کودکی را[4] طبقه بندی کرد. این اختلال به واسطه­ی کمرویی[5]،گسلش[6] و مشکل در برقراری روابط میان فردی در کودکان و نوجوانان مشخص می­شد. لذا کمرویی یک ویژگی شخصیت محسوب می شود و به احتمال قوی با اختلال شخصیت اجتنابی رابطه­ی نزدیک­تری دارد.

کتاب راهنمای تشخیصی و آماری- ویرایش سوم (DSM-III)

(APA,1980) DSM-III ملاک­های تشخیصی مختص به اضطراب اجتماعی را در بر داشت که شامل ترس اساسی از زیر ذره بین قرار گرفتن یا شرمسار شدن[7] و رفتار اجتنابی مربوطه بودند. مثل سایر اختلالات اضطرابی انتظار می­رفت افراد دارای اضطراب اجتماعی ترس خود را غیرمنطقی بدانند. به علاوه مطابق با مفهوم کلی ترس­ها، انتظار می­رفت اضطراب اجتماعی صرفاً زمانی ناتوان ساز باشد که شخص با عامل ترس خود (موقعیت اجتماعی خاص) مواجه می شد. از این­ها گذشته این اختلال نسبتاً نادر قلمداد می­شد.

کتاب راهنمای تشخیصی و آماری- ویرایش چهارم (DSM-IV)

(APA,1994) DSM-IV اصطلاح اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی را معرفی کرد و تشخیص را به ترس از یک یا چند موقعیت اجتماعی بسط داد. به علاوه ملاک های مربوطه شامل قابلیت حمله­ی پانیک[8] یا حمله­ی هراس در موقعیت های اجتماعی بودند. انتظار می رفت درماندگی و پریشانی باعث وقفه در فعالیت­های روزمره یا مشکل زیاد در انجام آنها، در موفقیت شغلی یا تحصیلی و تعاملات اجتماعی بشود. به علاوه این کتاب راهنما تشخیص را در دوران کودکی و نوجوانی که نشانه­ها به مدت بیشتر از 6 ماه حضور داشتند به کار گرفت. در ضمن سنخ یا گونه­ی[9] تعمیم یافته ی[10] اضطراب اجتماعی نیز معرفی شد. این سنخ پیش فرض ترس در بیشتر موقعیت­های اجتماعی را داشت و متخصصین بالینی باید تشخیص اضافی اختلال شخصیت اجتنابی (AVPD)[11] را لحاظ کنند. اما این کتاب راهنما مشخص نکرد که منظور از «بیشتر موقعیت های اجتماعی» چه بوده است.

علاوه بر این DSM-IV در متن خود یک دور باطل تشکیل دهنده یا اضطراب انتظار، یعنی تمرکز بر روی افکار منفی و حواس بدنی منفی و تفسیرهای اجتماعی منفی را نیز پیشنهاد کرده است (APA, 1994)، و بالاخره مسائل فرهنگی[12] نظیر ترس از مسبب توهین به دیگران شدن که در ژاپن زبانزد است معرفی شدند. در میان سایر اختلالات، تشخیص افتراقی با اختلال هراس به همراه گذر هراسی[13] یا بدون آن مرتبط بود اما اضطراب جدایی[14] در کودکان تشخیص اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی را از دور خارج کرد. به علاوه کتاب راهنما پیشنهاد داد که تشخیص اختلال شخصیت اجتنابی می­تواند تداخل عمده ای با اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی تعمیم یافته داشته باشد. نسخه­ی بازنگری و اصلاح شده ی (APA, 2000) DSM-IV-TR شامل تغییری در ملاک های تشخیصی اضطراب اجتماعی نبود. یک به روز سازی مرتبط با ویژگی­های همراه و همبودی بیماری در متن وجود داشت.

کتاب راهنمای تشخیصی و آماری- ویرایش پنجم (DSM-V)

پیشرفت­های اخیر در رشته های روان داروشناسی[15] و روان­شناسی به یافته هایی ختم شده­اند که می­توانند مفهوم اضطراب اجتماعی در چاپ جدید DSM (مه 2013) را تغییر دهند. به عنوان مثال شماری از دانشمندان پیشنهاد دادند اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی زیر آستانه[16] گنجانده شود تا به عنوان یک اختلال یک بُعدی[17] مفهوم اضطراب اجتماعی را مورد تأکید قرار دهند (فیلهو، هتم، فراری، ترزسنیاک، مارک و ان سانتوز،[18] 2010). استین، اونو، تاجیما و مولر[19] (2004) تا آنجا پیش رفته­اند که یک مفهوم متحد اختلالات طیف اضطراب اجتماعی[20] را پیشنهاد دادند. این شامل ترس­های اجتماعی، اجتناب، دغدغه های جسمی[21]، اختلال کارکرد عاطفی و کمبودهای اجتماعی[22] می باشد. مثلاً اختلال بدشکلی بدن[23] و سندرم جدید مرجع پویایی[24] ، اختلال در خوردن و اختلالات شخصیتی که تأثیر شدیدی بر روی مردم آمیزی افراد مثلاً مردم آمیزی افراطی در اختلال ویلیامز و مردم آمیزی تفریطی در اختلال شخصیت اسکیزوئید هم می­توانند در این طیف گنجانده شوند.

بر اساس مرور شواهد مرتبط با ملاک­های تشخیصی اضطراب اجتماعی (بوگلز، آلدن، بیدل، کلارک، پین، استین و همکاران[25]،2010) و مسائل فرهنگی مربوطه (لیوایز- فرناندز، هینتون، لاریا، پاترسون، هافمن، کرسک و همکاران[26]، 2009) تغییرات زیر پیشنهاد شده اند:

• استفاده از اصطلاح اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی (با اضطراب اجتماعی در پرانتز)
• حذف ملاک بازشناسی ترس به عنوان غیرمنطقی؛ به جای آن متخصصین بالینی می توانند ترس به عنوان «خارج از نسبت»[27] را با در نظر گرفتن بافت فرهنگی شخص برآورد کنند.
• گنجاندن ترس از توهین به دیگران[28]
• حذف زیر گونه ی تعمیم یافته و استفاده از اضطراب عملکرد به عنوان یک تصریح یا مشخص کننده . ترس ها بر طبق موقعیت های اجتماعی: تعاملات اجتماعی، تحت نظر بودن، و تکالیف عملکردی گروه بندی می­شوند.
• گنجاندن موتیسم یا گنگی گزینشی[29] به عنوان ابزار رفتاری (اجتناب) اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی در نوزادی[30] و اوایل کودکی.
• به واسطه­ی دغدغه های مربوط به دست کم گرفتن مشکلات میان فردی مهم در اختلالات شخصیتی پیشنهاد شد اختلال شخصیت اجتنابی یک تشخیص مجزا باقی بماند.
• طول مدت (احتمالاً 6 ماه) که برای تمام سنین به کار خواهد رفت.
• حذف ذکر نام حملات هراس
• گنجاندن مقیاس شدت[31]
• و بالاخره گنجاندن بحث در مورد رابطه بالقوه­ی بین اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی و اختلال بدشکلی بدن و بین اضطراب اجتماعی و طبقه بندی جدید سندرم مرجع پویایی پیشنهاد شد.

مبانی نظری و پیشینه تحقیق اضطراب اجتماعی

---

1. Social Anxiety
2. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G.
3. distinct
4. withdrawing reaction of childhood
5. shyness
6. detachment
7. embarrass
8. panic attack
9. type
10. generalized
11. Avoidant personality disorder
12. cultural issue
13. agoraphobia
14. separation anxiety
15. Psychopharmacology
16. sub threshold
17. one-dimensional
18. Filho, A. S., Hetem, L. A. B., Ferrari, M. C. F., Trzesniak, C., Mart, N-Santos, R., et al.
19. Stein, D. J., Ono, Y., Tajima, O., & Muller, J. F.
20. social anxiety spectrum disorder
21. body focused concern
22. social deficits
23. Body dysmorphic disorder
24. new difactory reference syndrome
25. Bogels, S. M., Alden, L., Beidel, D. C., Clark, L. A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., et al.
26. Lewis-Fernández, R., Hinton, D. E., Laria, A. J., Patterson, E. H., Hofmann, S. G., Craske, M. G.
27. out of propertion
28. fear of offending others
29. selective mutism.
30. infancy.
31. severity scale.

مبانی نظری و پیشینه تحقیق اضطراب اجتماعی

منابع فارسی

احتشامی اکبری، کاملیا (1383)، نقش علم بازاریابی در سلامت اجتماعی، تدبیر، شماره 153.

اصغری مقدم، محمدعلی و فقیهی، سمانه (1382). اعتبار و پایایی پرسشنامه زمینه یابی سلامت (فرم کوتاه 36 سؤالی)

در دو نمونه ایرانی. دانشور رفتار، (1)10.

افضلی، محمد حسن (1388). «مقایسه سبک ها و مکانیسم های دفاعی افراد مبتلا به وسواس بی اختیاری، اختلال

اضطراب تعمیم یافته و اختلال هراس اجتماعی». مجله روان شناسی بالینی، سال اول، شماره 1، 93-79.

امینی، همایون و همکاران (1386). «روایی نسخه فارسی مصاحبه ساختاریافته تشخیصی برای اختلال های محور یک

در DSM-IV (SCID-I) ». فصلنامه پایش، سال هفتم، شماره اول، 57-49.

امینی رارانی، مصطفی (1389)، بررسی رابطه بین سرمایه اجتماعی و سلامت اجتماعی در ایران، تهران: دانشگاه علوم

بهزیستی و توانبخشی، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد.

اورنگ، ملاحت (1386)، سنجش کیفیت محیط در بازسازی های پس از سانحه، مطالعه ی موردی: فضاهای عمومی

شهر بم، تهران: دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد.

بهادری، محمد حسین؛ جهان بخش، مرضیه؛ کجباف، محمد باقر؛ فرامرزی، سالار (1391). اثربخشی درمان فراشناختی

بر باورهای فراشناختی و اعتماد شناختی در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی، مجله روان­شناسی بالینی، سال چهارم، شماره 1 (پیاپی 13).

بهمنی، بهمن؛ تمدنی، مجتبی و عسگری، مجید (1383)، بررسی کیفیت زندگی و رابطه آن با نگرش دینی و عملکرد

تحصیلی دانشجویان دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد جنوب تهران، طب و تزکیه، شماره 25، 32-44.

بوند، جان و کورنر، لین (1389)، کیفیت زندگی و سالمندان (ترجمه سیدحسین محققی کمال)، تهران: نشر دانژه.

پارک، جی. ای؛ پارک، ک (1380)، درسنامه ی پزشکی پیشگیری و اجتماعی (کلیات خدمات بهداشتی)، بخش

نخست، جلد دوم (ترجمه حسین شجاعی تهرانی و حسین ملک افضلی)، تهران: انتشارات سماط، چاپ چهارم.

خدارحیمی، سیامک (1373)، روان­شناسی سالمندی، مشهد: انتشارات آستان قدس رضوی.

خورشید زاده، محسن؛ برجعلی، احمد؛ سهرابی اسمرود، فرامرز و دلاور، علی (1390). «اثربخشی طرح واره درمانی

در درمان زنان مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی». پژوهش­های روان شناسی بالینی و مشاوره، سال اول، شماره 2، 24-5.

صفاری نیا، مجید (1392)، مشخصات روان سنجی مقیاس سلامت اجتماعی، فصلنامه روان شناسی سلامت، زیر

چاپ.

ربانی خوراسگانی، علی و کیان پور، مسعود (1385 )، درآمدي بر رویکردهاي نظري و تعاریف عملی مفهوم کیفیت

زندگی، نشریه مددکاري اجتماعی، دوره پنجم، شماره 4 ، تهران، انتشارات دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی.

رضوانی، محمدرضا و منصوریان، حسین (1387)، سنجش کیفیت زندگی: بررسی مفاهیم، شاخص­ها، مدل­ها و ارائه

مدل پیشنهادی برای نواحی روستایی، روستا و توسعه، 11(3)، 1-26.

رفیعی، حسن (1388)، تدوین شاخص ترکیبی سلامت اجتماعی، تهران: دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی، طرح

تحقیقاتی خاتمه یافته.

سجادی، حمیرا و صدرالسادات، سیدجلال (1388)، شاخص های سلامت اجتماعی، مجله ی سیاسی – اقتصادی،

شماره 208-209، ص 244-253.

سمیعی، مرسده؛ رفیعی، حسن؛ امینی رارانی، مصطفی؛ اکبریان، مهدی (1389). سلامت اجتماعی ایران: از تعریف

اجماع مدار تا شاخص شواهدمدار. مسائل اجتماعی ایران، سال اول، شماره 2. 50-31.

شاملو، سعید (1381)، بهداشت روانی، تهران: انتشارات رشد.

شریفی، ونداد؛ اسعدی، سید محمد؛ محمدی، محمدرضا؛ امینی، همایون؛ کاویانی، حسین؛ سمنانی، یوسف؛ شعبانی،

امیر؛ شهریور، زهرا؛ داوری آشتیانی، رزیتا؛ حکیم شوشتری، میترا (1383). پایایی و قابلیت اجرای نسخه فارسی مصاحبه ساختار یافته تشخیصی برای IV DSM- (SCID). فصلنامه تازه­های علوم شناختی، 6، 22-10.

شریعتی، مهدی (1385)، شاخص سلامت اجتماعی، تهران: دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی، طرح تحقیقاتی خاتمه

یافته.

شولتس، دوآن (1369)، روان­شناسی کمال (ترجمه گیتی خوشدل)، تهران: نشر نو.

علي پور نوشري، مريم (1385)، بررسي مشكلات اجتماعي سالمندان مقيم سراهاي سالمندي شهر تهران (مطالعه

موردي آسايشگاه كهريزك)، پايان نامه كارشناسي ارشد ، تهران: دانشگاه تهران، دانشكده علوم اجتماعي.

غفاری، غلامرضا و امیدی، رضا (1388)، کیفیت زندگی، شاخص توسعه اجتماعی، تهران: انتشارات شیرازه.

گال، مردیت. بورگ، والتر. گال، جویس (1391)، روش­های تحقیق کمی و کیفی در علوم تربیتی و روان­شناسی

(ترجمه احمدرضا نصر)، تهران: انتشارات سمت.

لینچ، کوین (1376)، تئوری شکل خوب شهر (ترجمه حسین بحرینی)، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.

مازلو، آبراهام هرولد (1372)، انگیزش و شخصیت (ترجمه احمد رضوانی)، مشهد: انتشارات آستان قدس رضوی.

مازلو، آبراهام هرولد (1381)، زندگی در اینجا و اکنون: هنر زندگی متعالی (ترجمه مهین میلانی)، تهران: انتشارات

فراروان.

محققی کمال، سید حسن و عبداله تبار درزی، هادی (1391)، سلامت اجتماعی، تهران: انتشارات سخنوران.

مختاری، جواد و نظری، مرضیه (1389)، جامعه شناسی کیفیت زندگی، تهران: انتشارات جامعه شناسان.

منتظری، علی؛ گشتاسبی، آزیتا؛ وحدانی­نیا، مریم السادات (1384)، پایایی و روایی گونه فارسی پرسشنامه 36-SF،

پایش، (1)5، 56-49.

نیک سیرت، زهرا (1384)، بررسی کیفیت زندگی سالمندان بازنشسته عضو سازمان بازنشستگی ساکن شهر تهران،

تهران: دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت توانبخشی.

یانگ، جفری؛ کلوسکو، ژانت و ویشار، مارجوری (2003)، طرحواره درمانی: راهنمای کاربردی برای متخصصان

بالینی (ترجمه حسن حمیدپور و زهرا اندوز، 1391)، تهران: انتشارات ارجمند.

مبانی نظری و پیشینه تحقیق اضطراب اجتماعی

REFERENCES

 

Abbott, M. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2004). Post-event rumination and negative self- appraisal in

social phobia before and after treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, (1), 136.

Acarturk, C., de Graaf, R., van Straten, A., Have, M., & Cuijpers, P. (2008). Social phobia and

number of social fears, and their association with comorbidity, health-related quality of life and help seeking. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,43(4), 273-279.

Acarturk, C., Smit, F., de Graaf, R., van Straten, A., ten Have, M., & Cuijpers, P. (2009).

Economic costs of social phobia: A population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders,115(3), 421-429.

Albano, A. M., & Hayward, C. (2004), Social anxiety disorder. In T. H. Ollendick & J. S.

March (Eds.), Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. A clinicians guide to effective psychosocial and pharmacological interventions. (pp. 198‐235). New York: Oxford University Press.

Alfano, C. A., Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2006). Cognitive correlates of social phobia

among children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,34, 189‐201.

Allison, P. D. (1999), Multiple regression; a primer. Thousand Oaks; London; New

Delhi: Sage.

Amir, N., Beard, C., Taylor, C. T., Klumpp, H., Elias, J., Burns, M., et al. (2009). Attention

training in individuals with generalized social phobia: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(5), 961-973.

Anderson, E. R., & Hope, D. A. (2009). The relationship among social phobia, objective and

perceived physiological reactivity, and anxiety sensitivity in an adolescent population. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 18-26.

Ahnquist, J., Wamala, S.P., & Lindstrom, M. (2012). Social determinants of health - A

question of social or economic capital? Interaction effects of socioeconomic factors on health outcomes. Social Science & Medicine, 74,930-939.

Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric

properties of the 42-Item and 21-Item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176-181.

APA. (1968), Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Washington,

DC: American Psychiatric Association.

APA. (1980), Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington,

DC: American Psychiatric Association.

APA. (1994), Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington,

DC:American Psychiatric Association.

APA. (2000), Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text

revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Aristotle. (350 BC/2004). Nicomachean ethics (R. Crisp, Trans. and Ed.). Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press (Work Originally Published 350 BC).

Asmundson, G. J. G., & Stein, M. B. (1994). Selective processing of social threat in patients

with generalized social phobia: Evaluation using a dot-probe paradigm. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8(2), 107-117.

Ayllon, T., & Azrin, N. H. (1968). The token economy: A motivational system for therapy and

rehabilitation. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Bacow, T. L., Pincus, D. B., Ehrenreich, J. T., & Brody, L. R. (2009). The metacognitions

questionnaire for children: Development and validation in a clinical sample of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,23(6), 727-736.

Baker, S. R., & Edelmann, R. J. (2002). Is social phobia related to lack of social skills?

Duration of skill-related behaviours and ratings of behavioural adequacy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 243-257.

Baldwin, S., Godfrey, & Propper, C. (1994), Quality of life: perspectives and policies, New

York: Rutledge.

Bandelow, B., Charimo Torrente, A., Wedekind, D., Broocks, A., Hajak, G., & Ruther, E.

(2004). Early traumatic life events, parental rearing styles, family history of mental disorders, and birth risk factors in patients with social anxiety disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254(6), 397-405.

Barahmand, U. (2004). Meta-cognitive profiles in anxiety disorders. Psychiatry

Research,169(3), 240-243.

Barrera, T. L., & Norton, P. J. (2009). Quality of life impairment in generalized anxiety

disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 23(8), 1086-1090.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social

psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.

Barrera, T. L., & Norton, P. J. (2009). Quality of life impairment in generalized anxiety

disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(8), 1086-1090.

Beard, C., Sawyer, A. T., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Efficacy of attention bias modification

using threat and appetitive stimuli: a meta-analytic review. Behavior Therapy, 43, 724-740.

Beck, A. (1967), Depression: causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Penn-sylvania

Press.

Beck, A. (1976), Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: Int. Univ.Press.

Beck, A., Rush, A., Shaw, B., & Emery, G. (1979), Cognitive therapy of depression. New

York: Guilford Press.

Beck, A. T., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2011). Cognitive therapy: current status and futuredirections.

Annual Review of Medicine, 62, 397–409.

Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberger, R. L. (1985), Anxiety disorders and phobias: A

cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.

Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1999). Psychopathology of childhood social

phobia. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,38, 643‐650.

Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Dancu, C. V. (1985). Physiological, cognitive and behavioral

aspects of social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23(2), 109- 117.

Biederman, J., Hirshfeld‐Becker, D. R., Rosenbaum, J. F., Herot, C., Friedman, D., Snidman,

N., & et al. (2001). Further evidence of association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in children.American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1673‐1679.

Blote, A. W., Kint, M. J., Miers, A. C., & Westenberg, P. M. (2009). The relation between

public speaking anxiety and social anxiety: a review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 305‐313.

Bogels, S. M., Alberts, M., & De Jong, P. J. (1996). Self-consciousness, self-focused

attention, blushing propensity and fear of blushing. Personality and Individual

Differences,21(4), 573-581.

Bogels, S. M., Alden, L., Beidel, D. C., Clark, L. A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., et al. (2010).

Social anxiety disorder: Questions and answers for the DSM-V. Depression and

Anxiety, 27, 168-189.

Bogels, S. M., Rijsemus, W., & De Jong, P. J. (2002). Self-focused attention and social

anxiety: The effects of experimentally heightened self-awareness on fear, blushing,

cognitions, and social skills. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(4), 461-472.

Bogels, S. M., van Oosten, A., Muris, P., & Smulders, D. (2001). Familial correlates of social

anxiety in children and adolescents. Behavior Research and Therapy, 39, 273‐287.

Bogels, S. M., & Mansell, W. (2004). Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of

social phobia: hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 827-856.

Bohlin, G., & Hagekull, B. (2009). Socio‐emotional development: from infancy to young

adulthood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50, 592‐601.

Bokhorst, C. L., Westenberg, P. M., Oosterlaan, J., & Heyne, D. A. (2008). Changes in social

fears across childhood and adolescence: Age‐related differences in the factor structure of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children‐Revised. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 135‐142.

Bond, L., Carlin, J. B., Thomas, L., Rubin, K., & Patton, G. (2001). Does bullying cause

emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers. British Medical Journal, 323, 480‐484.

Borge, F. M., Hoffart, A., Sexton, H., Clark, D. M., Markowitz, J. C., & McManus, F.(2008)

.Residential cognitive therapy versus residential interpersonal therapy for social phobia: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(6), 991-1010.

Bowling, A. (2005), Measuring health- A review of quality of life measurement scales.

3rd ed. Buckingham, Open University Press.

Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2005). Dimensional versus categorical classification of mental

disorders in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and beyond: comment on the special section. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 551‐556.

Bruch, M. A., Fallon, M, & Heimberg, R. G. (2003). Social phobia and difficulties in

occupational adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50,109 –117.

Buckner, J. D., Schmidt, N. B., Lang, A. R., Small, J. W., Schlauch, R. C., & ewinsohn, P. M.

(2008). Specificity of social anxiety disorder as a risk factor for alcohol and cannabis dependence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(3), 230-239.

Butler, G., & Wells, A. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral treatments: Clinical applications. In R.

G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social Phobia:diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. New York; London: Guilford.

Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006). The empirical status of

cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 17-31.

Calvete, E., & Orue, I. (2008). Ansiedad socialy esquemas cognitivos disfuncionales [Social

anxiety and early maladaptive schemas]. Psicología Conductual, 16, 5–21.

Calvete, E., & Orue, I. (2012). Social information processing as a mediator between cognitive

schemas and aggressive behavior in adolesscents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 105–117.

Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety in

adolescents: The mediating role of anxious automatic thoughts. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 278– 288.

Calvete, E., Orue, I., Cámara, M., & Hankin, B. L. (2013). A longitudinal test of the

vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents, Submitted for publication.

Campbell, M. J., Schmidt, L. A., Santesso, D. L., Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C. L., &

Oakman, J. M. (2007). Behavioral and psychophysiological characteristics of children of parents with social phobia: A pilot study. International Journal of Neuroscience, 117(5), 605-616.

Canino, G., Shrout, P. E., Rubio‐Stipec, M., Bird, H. R., Bravo, M., Ramirez, R., Chavez, L.,

Alegria, M., Bauermeister, J. J., Hohmann, A., Ribera, J., Garcia, P., & Martinez‐Taboas, A. (2004). The DSM‐IV rates of child and adolescent disorders in Puerto Rico: prevalence, correlates, service use, and the effects of impairment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 85‐93.

Caouette, J. D., & Guyer, A. E. (2014). Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social

anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 65-76.

Carlbring, P., Lofqvist, M., Sehlin, H., Amir, N., Rousseau, A., Hofman, S., et al. (2012).

Internet-delivered attention bias modification training in individuals with social anxiety disorder - a double blind randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 12(66). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-66.

Cartwright‐Hatton, S., Hodges, L., & Porter, J. (2003). Social anxiety in childhood: the

relationship with self and observer rated social skills. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 737‐742.

Cartwright‐Hatton, S., Tschernitz, N., & Gomersall, H. (2005). Social anxiety in children:

social skills deficit, or cognitive distortion? Behavior Research and Therapy, 43, 131‐141.

Carver, C.S. (1979). A cybernetic model of self-attention processes. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, 37(8), 1251-1281.

Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: A control-theory

approach to human behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Caster, J. B., Inderbitzen, H. M., & Hope, D. A. (1999). Relationship between youth and parent

perceptions of family environment and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 237‐251.

Chartier, M. J., Hazen, A. L., & Stein, M. B. (1998). Lifetime patterns of social phobia: A

retrospective study of the course of social phobia in a nonclinical population. Depression and Anxiety, 7, 113-121.

Chartier, M. J., Walker, J. R., & Stein, M. B. (2001). Social phobia and potential risk factors in

a community sample. Psychological Medicine, 31, 307‐315.

Chartrand, H., Cox, B., EL-Gabalawy, R., & Clara, I. (2011). Social anxiety disorder subtypes

and their mental health correlates in a nationally representative Canadian sample. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 43(2), 89-98.

Chronis-Tuscano, A., Degnan, K. A., Pine, S. P., Perez-Edgar, K., Henderson, H. A., Diaz, Y.,

et al. (2009). Stable early maternal report of behavioral inhibition predicts lifetime social anxiety disorder in adolescence. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent psychiatry, 48(9), 928-935.

Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., McManus, F., Hackmann, A., Fennell, M., Campbell, H., et al.

(2003). Cognitive therapy versus fluoxetine in generalized social phobia: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,71(6), 1058-1067.

Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In M. L. R. Heimberg,

D.A. Hope, and F.R. Schneier (Ed.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

Clark, D. M., & Mc Manus. (2002). Information processing in social phobia. Biol Psychiatry,

51, 92-100.

Coles, M. E., Schofield, C. A., & Pietrefesa, A. S. (2006). Behavioral inhibition and

obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(8), 1118-1132.

Coles, M. E., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., & Fresco, D. M. (2001). Effects of varying levels of

anxiety within social situations: relationship to memory perspective and attributions in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(6), 651-665.

Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. K., Churchill, L. E., Sherweed, A., & Foa, E. B. (2000).

Psychometric properties of the social phobia Inventory (SPIN), The British Journal of Psychiatry,176, 379-386.

Constans, J. I., Penn, D. L., Ihen, G. H., & Hope, D. A. (1999). Interpretive biases for

ambiguous stimuli in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(7), 643-651.

Correll, S. J. (2004). Constraints into preferences: Gender, Status and Emerging Career

Aspirations. American Sosiological Review, 69, 93-113.

Costa Cabral Mululo, S., Bezera de Menezes, G., Vigne, P., Fontenelle, L. F. (2012). A review

on predictors of treatmen outcome in social anxiety disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 34, 92-100.

Cramer, V., Torgersen, S., & Kringlen, E. (2005). Quality of life and anxiety disorders: A

population study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 196-202.

Culbert, K. M., Klump, K. L., Jonathan, S. A., Dean, M., & Steven, T. (2007). Should Eating

Disorders be Included in the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum? In Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (pp. 230-245). Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd.

Curran, J. P. (1979). Social skills: Methodological issues and future directions. In A. S.

Bellack & M. Hersen (Eds.), Research and practice in social skills training (pp. 319-354). New York: Plenum Press.

Dannahy, L., & Stopa, L. (2007). Post-event processing in social anxiety. Behavior

Research and Therapy, 45(6), 1207-1219.

Darwin, C. (1872/1998). The Expression of the emotions in man and animals (3rd ed.).

Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.

Demir, T., Karacetin, G., Eralp Demir, D., & Uysal, O. (2013). Prevalence and some

psychosocial characteristics of social anxiety disorder in an urban population of Turkish children and adolescents. European Psychiatry, 28, 64-69.

DeWit, D. J., Ogborne, A., Offord, D. R., & MacDonald, K. (1999). Antecedents of the risk of

recovery from DSM‐III‐R social phobia. Psychological Medicine, 29, 569‐582.

Dinwiddie, S., Heath, A. C., Dunne, M. P., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A., Slutske, W. S., &

et al. (2000). Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: a co‐twin‐control study. Psychological Medicine, 30, 41‐52.

Diwan, A. (2000). Relational wealth and quality of life. Journal of Socio-Economics, 29.

Dugas, M. E., Marchanda, A., & Landoucer, R. (2005). Further validation of a cognitive model

of generalized anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and symptom specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 19, 329-340.

Dugas, M. J. Q., Robi chaud, M. (2007). Cognitive behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder. Rutledge: Taylor and Fransis.

Ellis, D. M., Hudson, J. L. (2010). The metacognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder in

children and adolescents. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 13(4), 151-163.

Eng, W., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., & Safren, S. A. (2001). Quality of life following

cognitive behavioral treatment for social anxiety disorder: Preliminary findings. Depression and Anxiety, 13(4), 192-193.

Erath, S. A., Flanagan, K. S., & Bierman, K. L. (2007). Social anxiety and peer relations in

early adolescence: behavioral and cognitive factors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 405‐416.

Essex, M. J., Klein, M. H., Slattery, M. J., Goldsmith, H. H., & Kalin, N. H. (2010). Early risk

factors and developmental pathways to chronic high inhibition and social anxiety disorder in adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry,167, 40‐46.

Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., & Petermann, F. (1999). Frequency and comorbidity of social phobia

and social fears in adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 831‐843.

Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1964). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Inventory.

London: University of London Press.

Fedoroff, I. C., & Taylor, S. (2001). Psychological and pharmacological treatments of social

phobia: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21(3), 311-324.

Fehm, L., Beesdo, K., Jacobi, F., & Fiedler, A. (2008). Social anxiety disorder above and

belove the diagnostic threshold: prevalence, comorbidity and impairment in the general population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 257‐265.

Feske, U., & Chambless, D. L. (1995). Cognitive behavioral versus exposure only

treatment for social phobia: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 26(4), 695-720.

Filho, A. S., Hetem, L. A. B., Ferrari, M. C. F., Trzesniak, C., Mart, N-Santos, R., et al.

(2010). Social anxiety disorder: what are we losing with the current diagnostic

criteria? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 121, 216-226.

Finkelhor, D. (2008). Childhood victimization. Violence, crime and abuse in the lives of young people. New York: Oxford University Press.

Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new areaof cognitive-

developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906-911.

Fry, P. S. (2000). Whose quality of life is anyway? Why not ask seniors to tell us about it?.

International Journal of Ageing and Human Development, 50, 361-383.

Furmark, T. (2002). Social phobia: overview of community surveys. Acta Psychiatrica

Scandinavia, 105, 84‐93.

Garlington, W. K., & Cotler, S. B. (1968). Systematic desensitization of test anxiety.

Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6(3), 247-256.

Garcia – Montes, J. M., Cangas, A. J., Prerez-Alvarez, M., Hidalgo, A., & Gutierrez, O. (2005).

Influence of metacognitive variables on paranoid ideation. International journal of clinical and psychology,5,463-69.

Gelernter, J., Page, G. P., Stein, M. B., & Woods, S. W. (2004). Genome-Wide inkage Scan for

Loci Predisposing to Social Phobia: Evidence for a Chromosome 16 Risk Locus. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(1), 59-66.

Gerson, E.M. (1976). On quality of life. American Sociological Review, 41(5), 793-796.

Gilbert, P. (2001). Evolution and social anxiety: The role of attraction, social competition and

social hierarchies. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24, 723-751.

Gil, P. J. M., Carrillo, F. X., & Meca, J. S. (2001). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural

treatment in social phobia: A meta-analytic review. Psychology in Spain, 5(1), 17- 25.

Gkika, S., & Wells, A. (2009a). The contribution of meta-cognitive beliefs to social anxiety.

Poster presented at "Neuropsychiatric, psychological and social developments in a globalised world". Association of Psychology and Psychiatry for Adults and Children. Hilton hotel, Athens, Greece. .

Gkika, S., & Wells, A. (2009b). The contribution of social meta-cognitions to social anxiety.

Poster presented at the 39th EABCT Annual Congress "New Perspectives in CBT". EABCT, Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Gladstone, G. L., Parker, G. B., Mitchell, P. B., Wilhem, K. A., & Malhi, G. S. (2005).

Relationship between self-reported childhood behavioral inhibition and lifetime anxiety disorders in a clinical sample. Depression and Anxiety, 22, 103-113.

Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on

emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 10(1), 83–91.

Gonzales Dies, Z., Calvete Zumalde, E., Orue Sola, I. (2012). Early maladaptive schemas and

social anxiety: The moderating effect of avoidant vs. overcompensation coping, Paper presented at the 20th European Congress of Psychiatry.

Gould, R. A., Buckminster, S., Pollack, M. H., Otto, M. W., & Massachusetts, L. Y. (1997).

Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatment for social phobia: A meta- analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 4(4), 291-306.

Grant, M. M., & Rivera, L. M. (1998). Evaluation of quality of life in oncology and oncology

nursing. In: King CR, Hinds P, editors. Quality of Life from Nursing and Patient Perspective Theory, Research Practice., 1st ed Philadelphia: Jones and Bartlett Publishers Sudbury Massachusetts.

Gros, D. F., Simms, L. J., Antony, M. M., McCabe, R. E. (2012). Development and

psychometric evaluation of the multidimensional assessment of social anxiety (MASA). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(4): 432–447.

Guidano, V., Liotti, G. (1983). Cognitive processes and emotional disorders. Guilford, New

York.

Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., & McManus, F. (2000). Recurrent images and early memories in

social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 601-610.

Hackmann, A., Surawy, C., & Clark, D. M. (1998). Seeing yourself through others eyes: A

study of spontaneously occurring images in social phobia. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26, 3-12.

Hakamata, Y., Lissek, S., Bar-Haim, Y., Britton, J. C., Fox, N. A., Leibenluft, E., et al. (2010).

Attention Bias Modification Treatment: a meta-analysis toward the establishment of novel treatment for anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 982-990.

Hallion, L. S., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias

modification on anxiety and depression. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 940-958.

Hartman, L. M. (1983). A metacognitive model of social anxiety: Implications for treatment.

Clinical Psychology Review, 3(4), 435-456.

Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment

therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford.

Hayward, C., Killen, J. D., Kraemer, H. C., & Taylor, C. B. (1998). Linking selfreported

childhood behavioral inhibition to adolescent social phobia. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1308‐ 1316.

Health Communications and Public Relations. Available at ttp///C/TEMP/fact130.html.

Access November 11, 2009.

Hedman, E., Strom, P., Stunkel, A., & Mortberg, E. (2013). shame and guilt in social anxiety

and association with social anxiety and depressive symptoms. PLoS ONE, 8(4): e 61713.

Heeren, A., Reese, H. E., McNally, R. J., & Philippot, P. (2012). Attention training toward and

away from threat in social phobia: effects on subjective, behavioral, and physiological measures of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 30-39.

Heimberg, R. G. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: current

status and future directions. Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), 101-108.

Heimberg, R. G. (2009). A new model to facilitate individualized case conceptualization and

treatment of social phobia: An examination and reaction to Moscovitch’s model. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(2), 135-141.

Heimberg, R. G., & Becker, R. E. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social

phobia. New York: Guilford.

Heimberg, R. C., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2010). A cognitive behavioral model of

social anxiety disorder: update and extension. In: S. G. Hofmann, & P. M. Di Bartolo (Eds.), Social anxiety: clinical, developmental, and social perspectives (pp.395–422). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.

Heimberg, R. G., Dodge, C. S., Hope, D. A., Kennedy, C. R., Zollo, L. J., & Becker, R. E.

(1990). Cognitive behavioral group treatment for social phobia: Comparison with a credible placebo control. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(1), 1-23.

Heimberg, R. G., Juster, H. R., Hope, D. A., & Mattia, J. I. (1995). Cognitive behavioral

group treatment: Description, case presentation, and empirical support. In M. B. Stein (Ed.), Social phobia: Clinical and research perspectives (pp. 293-321). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hope, D. A., Schneier, F. R., Holt, C. S., Welkowitz, L. A.,

et al. (1998). Cognitive behavioral group therapy vs Phenelzine therapy for social phobia: 12-week outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(12), 1133- 1141.

Heimberg, R. G., Salzman, D. G., Holt, C. S., & Blendell, K. A. (1993). Cognitive – behavioral

group treatment for social phobia: Effectiveness at five-year follow up. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17(4), 325-339.

Heimberg, R. G., Stein, M. B., Hiripi, E., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Trends in the prevalence of

social phobia in the United States: a synthetic cohort analysis of changes over four decades. European Psychiatry, 15(1), 29-37.

Herbert, J. D., Gaudiano, B. A., Rheingold, A. A., Myers, V. H., Dalrymple, K., & Nolan, E. M.

(2005). Social skills training augments the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 36(2), 125-138.

Higa, C. K., & Daleiden, E. L. (2007). Social anxiety and cognitive biases in non-referred

children: The intraction of self-focused attention and threat interpretation biases. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 22(3),441-52.

Hinrichsen, H., Waller, G., & Emanuelli, F. (2004). Social anxiety and agoraphobiain the eating

disorders: associations with core beliefs. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 784–787.

Hirsch, C. R., Clark, D. M., & Mathews, A. (2006). Imagery and Interpretations in social

phobia: Support for the Combined Cognitive Biases Hypothesis. Behavior Therapy, 37(3), 223-236.

Hirsch, C. R., Mathews, A., Clark, D. M., Williams, R., & Morrison, J. (2003). Negative self-

imagery blocks inferences. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(12), 1383-1396.

Hirsch, C., & Mathews, A. (1997). Interpretative inferences when reading about emotional

events. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(12), 1123-1132.

Hirsch, C. R., Meynen, T., & Clark, D. M. (2004). Negative self-imagery in social anxiety

contaminates social interactions. Memory, 12(4), 496-506.

Hofmann, S. (2007). Cognitive Factors that Maintain Social Anxiety Disorder: a comprehensive

Model and its Treatment Implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36(4), 193-209.

Hope, D. A., heimberg, R. G., Juster, H. R., & Turk, C. L. (2000). Managing social anxiety:A

cognitive-behavioral therapy approach (Client workbook). New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2006a). Managing social anxiety: A Cognitive

behavioralapproach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2006b). Therapist Guide for Managing Social

Anxiety: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hope, D. A., Burns, J. A., Hayes, S. A., Herbert, J. D., & Warner, M. D. (2010). Automatic

thoughts and cognitive restructuring in cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(1), 1-12.

Hoppitt, L., Illingworth, J. L., Macleod, C., Hampshire, A., Dunn, B. D., & Mackintosh, B.

(2014). modifying social anxiety disorder related to a real-life stressor using online cognitive bias modification for interpretation. Bahavior Research and Therapy, 52, 45-52.

Horne, A. M., & Matson, J. L. (1977). A comparison of modeling, desensitization, flooding,

study skills, and control groups for reducing test anxiety. Behavior Therapy, 8(1), 1- 8.

Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2001). Parent‐child interactions and anxiety disorders: an

observational study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1411‐1427.

Hudson, J.L., Rapee, R.M., lyneham, H.J., wuthrich. V., Schniering, C.A. (2010). Treatment

outcome rates for children with social phobia. Paper presented at the World Congress of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies.

Iancu, I., Levin, J., Hermesh, H., Dannon, P., Poreh, A., Ben-Yehuda, Y., et al. (2006).

Social phobia symptoms: prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and overlap with specific phobia symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47(5), 399-405.

International Living, (2010), Quality of life index, Waterford,

http://www.internationalliving.com/internal_components/further_resources/quality_of_life.

Irle, E., Euhleder, M., Lange, C., Seidler-Brandler, U., Salzer, S., Dechent, P., et al. (2010).

educed amygdalar and hippocampal size in adults with generalized social phobia. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 35(2), 126-131.

Karlsson, B. B. S., Klenfeldt, I. F. B. S., Sigstrom, R. B. S., Waern, M., Ostling, S.,

Gustafson, D., et al. (2009). Prevalence of social phobia in non-demented elderly from a swedish population study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(2), 127-135.

Kashdan, T. B., Weeks, J. W., & Savostyanova, A. A. (2011). Whether, how, and when social

anxiety shapes positive experiences and events: A safe-regulatory framework and treatment implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 786- 799.

Katzelnick, D. J., Kobak, K. A., DeLeire, T., Henk, H. J., Greist, J. H., Davidson, J. R. T.,

Schneier, F. R., et al. Impact of generalized social phobia in managed care. American Journal of Psychiatry,158,1999 –2007.

Kearney, C. A. (2005). Social anxiety and social phobia in youth. New York: Springer.

Keller, M. B. (2003). The lifelong course of social anxiety disorder: a clinical perspective. Acta

Psychiatrica Scandinavia Suppl, (417), 85‐94.

Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992).The genetic

epidemiology of phobias in women. The interrelationship of agoraphobia, social phobia, situational phobia, and simple phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 273‐281.

Kessler, R. C. (2003). The impairments cause by social phobia in the general population:

Implications for intervention. Act Psychiatric Scandinavia, 108(417),19 –27.

Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E.

(2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593-602.

Keyes, C. (1998). Social Well-being, Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 121-190.

Keyes , C., & Shapiro, A. (2004). Social well-being in the U.S.: A descriptive epidemiology.

In Orville Brim, Carol D.Ryff & Ronald C.Kessler (Eds.), Healthing are we? A national study of well-being of midlife. University of Chicago Press.

Khan, A. A., Jacobson, K. C., Gardner, C. O., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2005).

Personality and comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186(3), 190-196.

Kirsch, I., & Henry, D. (1977). Extinction versus credibility in the desensitization of speech

anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45(6), 1052-1059.

Kley, H., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Heinrichs. (2012). Safety behaviors, self-focused attention and

negative thinking in children with social anxiety disorder, socially anxious and non-anxious children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 548-555.

Knappe, S., Beesdo, K., Fehm, L., Hofler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H-U. (2009). Do

parental psychopathology and unfavorable family environment predict the persistence of social phobia? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(7), 986-994.

Knappe, S., Lieb, R., Beesdo, K., Fehm, L., Low, N. C. P., Gloster, A. T., et al. (2009). The role

of parental psychopathology and family environment for social phobia in the first three decades of life. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 363-370.

Kuckertz, J. M., Gildebrant, E., Liliequist, B., Karlström, P., Vappling, C., Bodlund, O., et

al. (2014). Moderation and mediation of the effect of attention training in social anxiety disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 53, 30-40.

Lampe, L. A. (2009). Social anxiety disorder: recent developments in psychological approaches

to conceptualization and treatment. Australian and New Zealand Journal of psychiatry , 43, 887-898.

Larson, J. S. (1996). The World Health Organization definition of health: Social versus spiritual

health. Social indicators Research, 38: 181-192.

Ledley, D. R., & Heimberg, R. G. (2006). Cognitive vulnerability to social anxiety. Journal of

Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 755–778.

Ledley, D. R., Heimberg, R. G., Hope, D. A., Hayes, S. A., Zaider, T. I., Dyke, M. V., et al.

(2009). Efficacy of a manualized and workbook-driven individual treatment for social anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 40(4), 414-424.

Lee, C. K., Kwak, Y. S., Yamamoto, J. O. E., Rhee, H. E. E., Kim, Y. S., Han, J. H., et al.

(1990). Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea: Part I: Gender and age differences in

Seoul. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178(4), 242-246.

Lewis-Fernández, R., Hinton, D. E., Laria, A. J., Patterson, E. H., Hofmann, S. G., Craske,

M. G., et al. (2009). Culture and the anxiety disorders: Recommendations for DSM-

V. Depression and Anxiety, 27(2), 212-229.

Li, L., Young, D., Wei, H., Zhang, Y., Xiao. Sh., Wang, X., & Chan, X. (1976). The

relationship between objective life status and subjective life satisfaction with quality of life. Behavioral Medicine, 23(4), 149-160.

Lieb, R., Wittchen, H. U., Hofler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M. B., & Merikangas, K. R. (2010).

Parental psychopathology, parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia for offspring; A prospective-longitudinal community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 859-865.

Lieb, R., Wittchen, H. U., Höfler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M. B., & Merikangas, K. R. (2000).

Parental psychopathology, parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia in offspring: a prospective‐longitudinal community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 859‐866.

Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry, 22,

141–173.

Lincoln, T. M., & Rief, W. (2004). How much do sample characteristics affect the effect

size?: An investigation of studies testing the treatment effects for social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18(4), 515-529.

Liu, B. (1976). Quality of life indicators in U.S metropolitan areas: A statistical analysis,

New York: Rutledge.

Lorberbaum, J. P. C. A., Kose, S., Johnson, M. R., Arana, G. W., Sullivan, L. K., Hamner, M.

B., et al. (2004). Neural correlates of speech anticipatory anxiety in generalized social phobia. Neuroreport, 15(18), 2701-2705.

Lucock, M. P., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1988). Cognitive factors in social anxiety and its

treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26(4), 297-302.

Mahamoud, A., Roche, B., & Homer, J. (2012). Modeling the social determinants of

health and simulating short-term and long-term intervention impacts for the city of Toronto, Canada. Social Science & Medicine xxx , 1-9.

Majdandzic, M., De Vente, W., & Bogels, S. (2010). Rearing histories of individuals with and

without social anxiety who become first time parents. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 1‐16.

Mansell, W., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Internal versus external attention in social

anxiety: an investigation using a novel paradigm. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(5), 555-572.

Mansell, W., Clark, D., Ehlers, A., & Chen, Y-P. (1999). Social anxiety and attention away

from emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion, 13(6), 673-690.

Mancini, C., Van Ameringen, M., Szatmari, P., Fugere, C., & Boyle, M. (1996). A high‐risk

pilot study of the children of adults with social phobia. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1511‐ 1517.

Masia, C. L., & Morris, T. L. (1998). Parental factors associated with social anxiety:

Methodological limitations and suggestions for integrated behavioral research. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 211‐228.

Mathews, A., Mackintosh, B., & Fulcher, E. P. (1997). Cognitive biases in anxiety and attention

to threat. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1(9), 340-345.

McEvoy, P. M. (2007). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural group therapy for social

phobia in a community clinic: A benchmarking study. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45(12), 3030-3040.

McEvoy, P. M., Mahoney, A., Perini, S. J., & Kingsep, P. (2009). Changes in post-event

processing and metacognitions during cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(5), 617–623.

McEvoy, P. M., & Perini, S. J. (2008). Cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia

with or without attention training: A controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,23 (4), 519-528.

McManus, F., Peerbhoy, D., Larkin, M., & Clark, D. M. (2010). Learning to change a way of

being: An interpretative phenomenological perspective on cognitive therapy for social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(6), 581-589.

Melle, I., Friis, S., Haahr, U., Johannesen, J. O., Larsen, T. K., Opjordsmoen, S., et al. (2005).

Measuring quality of life in firstp-pisode psychosis. Eur Psychiatry, 20(7), 474-483.

Mellings, T. M. B., & Alden, L. (2000). Cognitive processes in social anxiety: the effects of

self-focus, rumination and anticipatory processing. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38(3), 243-257.

Melka, S. E., Lancaster, S. L., Adams, L. J., Howarth, E. A., & Rodriguez, B. F. (2010).

Social anxiety across ethnicity: A confirmatory factor analysis of the FNE and SAD.

Journal of Anxiety Disorders, In Press, Accepted Manuscript.

Mersch, P. P. A., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Lips, C. (1991). Social phobia: Individual

response patterns and the long-term effects of behavioral and cognitive interventions. A follow-up study. Behavior Research and Therapy, 29(4), 357-362.

Michalos, A.C. (1985). Multiple discrepancies Theory (MDT), Social Indicators Research, 16,

347-413.

Milberath, L.W. (1989). Envitioning a Sustainable Society. Learning Our Way out. New

York, State University Press.

Milbrath, L. W.(1982). A conceptualization and research strategy for the study of ecological

aspects of the quality of life, Social Indicators Research, 10(2), 133-157.

Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Millon, T. Q., & Grossman, S. D. (2005). Person logy: A theory based on evolutionary

concepts. In. M. F. Lenzenweger Q. J. F. Clarkin (Eds). Major Theories of Personality Disorder (pp. 332-390). New York: Guilford.

Miringof, M. L. (1996). Toward a National Standard of Social Health: The need for progress in

social index, Amer. J. Orthopsychiatry, 65(4). October 1995. 462-467.

Mohammadi, M. R., Ghanizadeh, A., Mohammadi, M., & Mesgarpour, B. (2006). Prevalence

of social phobia and its comorbidity with psychiatric disorders in Iran. Depression and Anxiety, 23(7), 405-411.

Morgan, J., & Banerjee, R. (2006). Social anxiety and self‐evaluation of social performance in a

nonclinical sample of children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 292‐301.

Mortberg, E., Bejerot, S., & W.A., A. (2007). Temperament and character dimensions in

patients with social phobia: Patterns of change following treatments? Psychiatry Research, 152(1), 81-90.

Mortberg, E., Karlsson, A., Fyring, C., & Sundin, O. (2006). Intensive cognitive-behavioral

group treatment (CBGT) of social phobia: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(5), 646-660.

Moscovitch, D. A. (2008). What in the core fear in social phobia? A New Model to facilitate

individualized case conceptualization and Treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16, 1-10.

Moses, L. J., Baird, J. A. (2002). Meta cognition. In: Wilson Ra, Keil FC (Eds). The MIT

encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Musa, C., Lepine, J. P., Clark, D. M., Mansell, W., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Selective attention in

social phobia and the moderating effect of a concurrent depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(9), 1043-1054.

Nelson, T. O. (1996). Consciousness and metacognition. American Psychologist, 51(2), 102-

116.

Nelson, T. O., Stuart, R. B., Howard, C., & Crowley, M. (1999). Metacognition and linical

psychology: A preliminary framework for research and practice. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6, 73-79.

Nelson, T. O., & Narens, L. (1990). Metamemory: A theoretical framework and new

findings. In G. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and memory. New York: Academic Press.

Nepon, T., Flett, G., Hewitt, P. L., & Molnar, D. S. (2011). Perfection-ism, negative social

feedback, and interpersonal rumination in depressionand social anxiety. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 43, 297–308.

Nicholson, C. (2008). What to do about social anxiety disorder. Harverd Women’s Health

Watch , 16, 4.

Ohayon, M. M., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010). Social phobia and depression: Prevalence and

comorbidity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(3), 235-243.

Ohman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module

of fear of feal and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108(3), 483-522.

Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, L. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2007). Quality of life in anxiety disorders: A

meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 572-581.

Ollendick, T. H., & Hirshfeld‐Becker, D. R. (2002). The developmental psychopathology of

social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 44‐ 58.

Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., Gould, R. A., WorthingtonIII, J. J., McArdle, E. T., Rosenbaum, J.

F., et al. (2000). A comparison of the efficacy of Clonazepam and cognitive behavioral group therapy for the treatment of social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14(4), 345-358.

Pakriev, S., Vasar, V., Aluoja, A., Saarma, M., & Shlik, J. (1998). Prevalence of mood

disorders in the rural population of Udmurtia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,97(3), 169-174.

Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2000). Depressive rumination: Relationships with

metacognition and effects of attention training. Paper presented at the annual conference of the British Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapies, London, UK.

Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pinto-Gouveia, J., Castilho, P., Gallardo, A., & Cunha, M. (2006). Early maladaptiveschemas

and social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 571–584.

Prus, S. G. (2011). Comparing social determinants of self-rated health across the United States

and Canada. Social Science & Medicine, 73,50-59.

Quilty, L.C., Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., Oakman, J., & Farvolden, P. (2003). Quality of

life and the anxiety disorders. Anxiety Disorders, 17, 405- 426.

Ragonesi, P. D., Ragonesi, G., Merati, L. (1998). The impact of diabetes mellitus on quality of

life in elderly patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatrics, 6(6), 417-422.

Ranta, K., Kaltiala‐Heino, R., Rantanen, P., & Marttunen, M. (2009). Social phobia in Finnish

general adolescent population: prevalence, comorbidity, individual and family correlates, and service use. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 528‐536.

Rao, P. A., Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Ammerman, R. T., Crosby, L. E., & Salle, F. L.

(2007). Social anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: Descriptive psychopathology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1181‐ 1191.

Rapaport, M. H., Clary, C., Fayyad, R., & Endicott, J. (2005). Quality of life impairment in

depressive and anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1171-1178.

Rapee, R. M. (1997). Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and

depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 47‐67.

Rapee, R. M., & Abbott, M. J. (2007). Modelling relationships between cognitive variables

during and following public speaking in participants with. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45(12), 2977-2989.

Rapee, R. M., Gaston, J. E., & Abbott, M. J. (2009). Testing the efficacy of theoretically

derived improvements in the treatment of social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(2), 317-327.

Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive‐behavioral model of anxiety in social

phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741‐756.

Rapee, R. M., & Lim, L. (1992). Discrepancy between self- and observer ratings of

performance in social phobics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(4), 728.

Rapee, R. M., MacLeod, C., Carpenter, L., Gaston, J. E., Frei, J., Peters, L., et al. (2013).

Integrating cognitive bias modification into a standard cognitive behavioral treatment package for social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Research and Therapy, 51,207-215.

Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L. (2009). Anxiety Disorders During Childhood

and Adolescence: Origins and Treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology.

Rapee, R. M., & Spence, S. H. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and

an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 737‐767.

Reich, J., Goldenberg, I., Vasile, R., Goisman, R., & Keller, M. (1994). A prospective

follow-along study of the course of social phobia. Psychiatry Research, 54(3), 249-258.

Riso, L. P., Froman, S. E., Raouf, M., Gable, P., Maddux, R. E., Turini-Santorelli, N., et al.

(2006). The long-term stability of early maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 515–529.

Rijkeboer, M. M., van den Bergh, H., & van den Bout, J. (2005). Stability and discriminative

power of the Young Schema-Questionnaire in a Dutch clinical versus nonclinical sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36,129–144.

Rocha, F. L., Vorcaro, C. M. R., Uchoa, E., & Lima-Costa, M. F. (2005). Comparing the

prevalence rates of social phobia in a community according to ICD-10 and DSM-

III-R. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 27, 222-224.

Romm, K.L., Melle, I., Thorsen, C., Andreassen, O.A., & Rossberg, J. I.(2012). Severe social

anxiety in early psychosis in associated with poor premorbid functioning, depression, and reduced quality of life. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 434-440.

Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, J. C. (2009). Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual

Review of Psychology, 60, 141‐171.

Saeid, O., Purehsan, S., & Akbari, S. (2010). Correlation among meta-cognitive beliefs and

anxiety-depression semptoms. Procedia Soc and Behav Sci, 5, 1685-1689.

Safren, S. A., Heimberg, R. G., Brown, E. J., & Holle, C. (1996). Quality of life in social

phobia. Depression and Anxiety, 4(3), 126-133.

Sammarco, A. (2001). Perceived social support uncertainty and quality of life of younger breast

cancer survivors. Cancer Nursing, 24(3), 212-219.

Sareen, J., Cox, B. J., Afifi, T. O., De Graaf, R., Asmundson, G. J. G., Ten Have, M., et al.

(2005). Anxiety disorders and risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: A population-based longitudinal study of adults. Archives of General Psychiatry,

62(11), 1249-1257.

Schmidt, N. B., Richey, J., Buckner, J. D., & Timpano, K. R. (2009). Attention training for

generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 5-14.

Schofield, C. A., Coles, M. E., & Gibb, B. E. (2009). Retrospective reports of behavioral

inhibition and young adults current symptoms of social anxiety, depression, and anxious arousal. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(7), 884-890.

Schuessler, K. F. & Fisher, G. A. (1985). Quality of life research and sociology. Annual

Review of Sociology, 11, 129-149.

Schultz, L. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). Attentional focus in social anxiety disorder: Potential

for interactive processes. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(7), 1206-1221.

Segal, Z. (1988). Appraisal of the self-schema construct in cognitive models of depression.

Psychol Bull,103,147-162.

Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based

cognitivetherapy for depression. New York: Guilford.

Seligman, M. E. P. (1971). Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy, 2(3), 307-320.

Simon, N. M., Herlands, N. N., Marks, E. H., Mancini, C., Letamendi, A., Li, Z., Pollack, M.

H., Van Ameringen, M., & Stein, M. B. (2009). Childhood maltreatment linked to greater symptom severity and poorer quality of life and function in social anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 1027‐1032.

Spada, M. M., Georgiou, G., & Wells, A. (2010). The relationship among metacognitions,

intentional control and social anxiety. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 39(1), 64-71.

Spada, M. M., Nikcevic, A. V., Moneta, G. B., & Wells, A. (2008). Metacognition, perceived

stress, and negative emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 44,1172–1181.

Spada, M. M., Caselli, G., Manfredi, C., Rebecchi, D., Rovetto, F., Ruggiero, G.M, Nikcevic,

A.V., & Sassaroli, S. (2012). parental overprotection and metacognitions as predictors of worry and anxiety. Behavioral cognitive psychotherapy, 38(5), 629-637.

Spasojevic, J., & Alloy, L. B. (2001). Rumination as a common mechanism relating depressive

risk factors to depression. Emotion, 1, 25–37.

Spence, S. H., Donovan, C., & Brechman‐Toussaint, M. (1999). Social skills, social outcomes,

and cognitive features of childhood social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 211‐221.

Spurr, J. M., & Stopa, L. (2003). The observer perspective: effects on social anxiety and

performance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(9), 1009-1028.

Stangier, U., Heidenreich, T., Peitz, M., Lauterbach, W., & Clark, D. M. (2003). Cognitive

therapy for social phobia: individual versus group treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(9), 991-1007.

Starcevic, V. (2005). Social anxiety disorder (social phobia). In anxiety disorders in adults:

A clinical guide. 1st edition. Oxford University Press, 141-190.

Stein, D. J., Ono, Y., Tajima, O., & Muller, J. F. (2004). The social anxiety disorder

spectrum. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 27-33.

Stein, M. B., Jang, K. L., & Livesley, W. J. (2002). Heritability of social anxiety-related

concerns and personality characteristics: a twin study. Journal of Nervous &

Mental Disease, 190(4), 219-224.

Stein, M. B., & Kean, Y. M. (2000). Disability and quality of life in social phobia:

Epidemiologic findings. Am J Psychiatry, 157(10), 1606-1613.

Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (1993). Cognitive processes in social phobia. Behaviour Research

and Therapy, 31(3), 255-267.

Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (2000). Social phobia and interpretation of social events. Behaviour

Research and Therapy, 38(3), 273-283.

Strauss, C. C., & Last, C. G. (1993). Social and simple phobias in children. Journal of Anxiety

Disorders, 71, 141‐152.

Sun, X., Rehnberg, C., & Meng, Q. (2009). How are individual-level social capital and poverty

associated with health equity? A study from two Chinese cities. International Journal for Equity in Health, 8, 2.

Sung, S. C., Portera, E., Robinaugh, D. J., Marks, E. H., Marques, L.M., Otto, M. W., et al.

(2012). Mood regulation and quality of life in social anxiety disorder: An examination of generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 435– 441.

Sumter, S. R., Bokhorst, C. L., & Westenberg, P. M. (2009). Social fears during adolescence: is

there an increase in distress and avoidance? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 897‐903.

Taylor, S. (1996). Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatments for social phobia.

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27(1), 1-9.

Taylor, C. T., & Alden, L. E. (2005). Social interpretation bias and generalized social

phobia: the influence of developmental experiences. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(6), 759-777.

Teo, A. R., Lerrigo, R., & Rogers, M. A. M. (2013). The role of social isolation in social

anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(4), 353-364.

Thorndike, E. (1933). An experimental study of rewards. Teachers College Contributions to

Education, 580, 72.

Tignol, J., Martin-Guehl, C., Aouizerate, B., Grabot, D., & Auriacombe, M. (2006). Social

phobia and premature ejaculation: a case-control study. Depression and Anxiety,23(3), 153-157.

Tillfors, M. (2004). Why do some individuals develop social phobia? A review with

emphasis on the neurobiological influences. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58(4),

267-276.

Tran, G. Q., & Smith, G.P. (2004). Behavioral assessment in the measurement of treatment

outcome. In. S. N. Haynes, & E. M. Heiby (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment ,. New York: Wiley, 269-290

Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Cooley, M. R., Woody, S. R., & Messer, S. C. (1994). A

multicomponent behavioral treatment for social phobia: Social effectiveness therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32(4), 381-390.

Van Roy, B., Kristensen, H., Groholt, B., & Clench‐Aas, J. (2009). Prevalence and

characteristics of significant social anxiety in children aged 8‐13 years: a Norwegian cross‐sectional population study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44, 407‐415.

Varese, F., & Bentall, R.P. (2011). The metacognitive beliefs account of hallucinatory

experiences: A literature review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev, 31, 850-864.

Vasey, M. W., & Dadds, M. R. (2001). An introduction to developmental psychopathology of

anxiety. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The Developmental Psychopathology of Anxiety (pp. 3‐26). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Veenhoven, K. (2000). The four qualities of life- ordering concepts and measures of the good

life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 1-39.

Velting, O. N., & Albano, A. (2001). Current trends in the understanding and treatment of

social phobia in youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 127‐140.

Ventegod, S., & Merrick, J. (2003). Long-term effects of marental smoking n quality of life.

The Scientific World Journal, 3, 714-720.

Vriends, N., Becker, E. S., Meyer, A., Michael, T., & Margraf, J. (2007). Subtypes of social

phobia: Are they of any use? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 59‐75.

Watanabe, N., Furukawa, T. A., Chen, J., Kinoshita, Y., Nakano, Y., Ogawa, S., et al. (2010).

Change in quality of life and their predictors in the long-term follow-up after group cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: A prospective cohort study. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 81–91. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-81.

Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of

Experimental Psychology, 3(1), 1-14.

Weeks, J. W., Howell, A.N. (2012). The bivalent fear of evaluation model of social anxiety:

further integrating findings on fears of positive and negative evaluation. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 41, 83–95.

Weeks, J.W., Heimberg, R. G., Fresco, D. M., Hart, T. A., Turk, C. L., Schnieier, F. R., et al.

(2005).Empirical validation and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale in patients with social anxiety disorder. Psychological Assessment,17, 179–190.

Weidman, A. C., Fernandez, K. C., Levinson, C. A., Augustine, A. A., Larsen, R. J., &

Rodebaugh, T.L. (2012). Compensatory internet use among individuals higher in social anxiety and its implications for well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 191-195.

Wells, A. (1990). Panic disorder in association with relaxation induced anxiety: an

attentional training approach to treatment. Behavior Therapy, 21, 273-280.

Wells, A. Matthews, G. (1996). Modeling cognition in emotional disorder: The S-REF model,

Behav Res Ther, 34, 881-888.

Wells, A. (1997). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders; A practice manual and conceptual guide. Chichester; New York: Wiley.

Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and Meta cognition: Innovative cognitive therapy,

Chichester: Wiley and sons, 13-85.

Wells, A. (2002). Emotional disorders and metacognition : innovative cognitive therapy

Chichester: Wiley.

Wells, A. (2005). Detached mindfulness in cognitive therapy: A metacognitive analysis and

ten techniques. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy,23(4), 337-355.

Wells, A. (2007). Cognition about cognition: Metacognitive therapy and change in

generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice,14(1), 18-25.

Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. New York; London:

Guilford.

Wells, A., & Carter, K. (2001). Further tests of a cognitive model of generalized anxiety

disorder: Metacognitions and worry in GAD, panic disorder, social phobia, depression, and non-patients. Behavior Therapy, 32(1), 85-102.

Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. A. (2004). short form of the Metacognitions Questionnaire:

properties of the MCQ 30. Behaviour research and therapy, 42,385-96.

Wells, A., & Clark, D. M. (1997). Social phobia: a cognitive approach. In G. C. L. Davey

(Ed.), In Phobias: a handbook of theory, research and treatments. New York: Wiley.

Wells, A., Clark, D. M., & Ahmad, S. (1998). How do I look with my minds eye?:

Perspective taking in social phobic imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy,36(6), 631-634.

Wells, A., & King, p. (2006). Metacognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: An open

trail. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37, 206-212.

Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion. A clinical perspective. Hove, UK:

Erlbaum.

Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C. (1998). Social phobia: Effects of external attention focus on

anxiety, negative beliefs and perpective taking. Behavior Therapy, 29, 357- 370.

Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C. (1999). The observer perspective: biased imagery in social

phobia, agoraphobia, and blood/injury phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(7), 653-658.

Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C. (2001a). Brief cognitive therapy for social phobia: a case

series. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(6), 713-720.

Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C. (2001b). Social phobic interoception: Effects of bodily

information on anxiety, beliefs and self-processing. Behaviour Research and

Therapy, 39, 1-11.

Wells, A., Papageorgiou, C. (2004). Metacognitive Therapy for Depressive Rumination.

Depressive Rumination: Nature, Theory and Treatment. Wiley. eScholarID:3d397

Wells, A., & Sembi, S. (2004). Metacognitive therapy for PTSD: A core treatment manual.

Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 11(4), 365-77.

Wells, A., Welford, M., Fraser, J., King, P., Mendel, E., Wisely, J., Knight, A., & Rees, D.

(2008). Chronic PTSD Treated with Metacognitive Therapy: An Open Trial. Cog and Beh Pract, 15, 85-92.

Wells, A., Welford, M., King, P., Papageorgiou, C., Wisely, J., & Mendel, E. (2010). A pilot

randomized trial of metacognitive therapy vs. applied relaxation in the treatment of adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 48, 429-434.

WHO. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders; Clinical

descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.

WHO. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders; Diagnostic

criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Wilkinson, J., & Canter, S. (1982). Social skills training manual : assessment, programme

design, and management of training. Chichester: Wiley.

Wilson, J. K., & Rapee, R. M. (2006). Self- concept certainly in social phobia. Behavior

Research and Therapy, 44, 113-136.

Wittchen, H. U., & Fehm, L. (2003). Epidemiology and natural course of social fears and social

phobia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 4‐18.

Wittchen, H. U., Lieb, R., Pfister, H., & Schuster, P. (2000). The waxing and waning of mental

disorders: evaluating the stability of syndromes of mental disorders in the population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 122‐132.

Wittchen, H. U., Stein, M. B., & Kessler, R. C. (1999). Social fears and social phobia in a

community sample of adolescents and young adults: prevalence, risk factors and co‐morbidity. Psychological Medicine, 29, 309‐323.

Wittchen, H. U., Fuetsch, M., Sonntag, H., Müller, N., & Liebowitz, M. (2000). Disability and

quality of life in pure and comorbid social phobia. Findings from a controlled study. European Psychiatry, 15(1), 46-58.

Wolpe, J. (1969). The Practice of Behavior Therapy. New York; Toronto; Oxford; London;

Mexico City; Edinburgh; Sydney; Paris; Braunschweig; Tokyo; Buenos Aires: Pergamon Press.

Wong, N., Sarver, D. E., & Beidel, D. C. (2012). Quality of life impairments among adults with

social phobia: The impact of subtype. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 50-57.

Wong, Q. J. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2011). The relationship between the maladaptive self-beliefs

characteristic of social and avoidance. Journal of Behavior Therapy and experimental Psychiatry, 42, 171-178.

World Health Organization. (2009). FactSheetN130. Mental Health, (1996, August). Geneva,

Switzerland: World Health Organization, health Communications and Public Relations Available at http//C/ TEMP/fact130. Html. Accessed November 11, 2009.

Young, J. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach.

Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.

Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-

focusedapproach (3rd ed.). Sarasota: Professional Resource Press/Professional ResourceExchange.

Young, J. (2006). Young schema questionnaire-3. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center.

Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: a

practitioner’sguide. New York: Guilford.

Zahedi Tajrishia, K., Mohammadkhani, SH., & Jadidi, F. (2011). Metacognitive beliefs and

negative emotions. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30 , 530 – 533.